Privacy Katz Vs. United States Essays - , Term Papers

Privacy: Katz Vs. United States Katz V. The United States The petitioner Mr. Katz was arrested for illegal gambling, he had been gambling over a public phone. The FBI attached an electronic recorder onto the outside of the public phone booth. The state courts claimed this to be legal because the recording device was on the outside of the phone and the FBI never entered the booth. The Supreme Court Ruled in the favor of Katz. They stated that the Fourth Amendment allowed for the protection of a person and not just a persons property against illegal searches. The Fourth Amendment written in 1791 states, The right of the people to be secure in their persons, houses, papers, and effects, against unreasonable searches and seizures, shall not be violated, and no warrants shall issue, but upon probable cause, supported by oath or affirmation, and particularly describing the place to be searched, and the persons or things to be seized (Galloway 214). The court was unsure on weather or not they should consider a public telephone booth as an area protected by the fourth amendment. The court did state that: The Fourth Amendment protects people, not places. What a person knowingly exposes to the public, even in his own home or office, is not a subject of Fourth Amendment protection. But what he seeks to preserve as private, even in an area accessible to the public, may be constitutionally protected. Searches conducted without warrants have been held unlawful notwithstanding facts unquestionably showing probable cause, for the Constitution requires that the deliberate impartial judgment of a judicial officer be interposed between the citizen and the police (Maddex 201). The FBI agents found out the days and times he would use the pay phone. The FBI attached a tape recorder to the outside of the telephone booth. The FBI recorded him using the phone six different times, all six conversations were around three minutes long. They made sure that they only recorded him and not anyone elses conversations. Katz lost the case all the way up to the Supreme Court because the state courts and the Court of Appeals said there was no amendment violation since there was no physical entrance into the area occupied by the petitioner (Hall 482). The Constitutional Fourth Amendment was looked at and analyzed very carefully and the Supreme Court decided in favor of Katz with a seven to one vote. Strong arguments were brought to the stand, the Governments eavesdropping violated the privacy of Katz. The Fourth Amendment governs not only the seizure of tangible items but extends as well the recording of oral statements (Katzen 1). The surveillance in this case could have been legal by the constitution, but it was not part of the warrant issued. Warrants are very valuable to make everything stated in the fourth amendment legal. The telephone booth was made of glass so he was visible to the public, but he did not enter the booth so no one could see him, he entered the booth so no one could hear him. A person in a telephone booth is under protection of the Fourth Amendment, One who occupies it, shuts the door behind him, and pays the toll that permits him to place a call is surly entitled to assume that the words he utters into the mouthpiece will not be broadcasted to the world. To read the constitution more narrowly is to ignore the vital role that the public telephone has to come to play in private communication (Katzen 2). But with all this evidence it was still fought that the surveillance method they used involved no physical penetration into the telephone booth. The Fourth Amendment was thought to limit only searches and seizures of tangible property. The decision of the court was seven to one and Justice Marshall took no part in the decision of the case. Justice Stewart concurred in his speech that, ...these considerations do not vanish when the search in question is transferred from the setting of a home, an office, or a hotel room to that of a telephone booth. Wherever a man may be, he is entitled to know that he will remain free from unreasonable searches and seizures (Katzen 4). Justice Stewarts feelings on the case were that the use of electronic surveillance should be regulated. He thinks permission should be granted for the use of electronic surveillance. Justice Douglas, with whom Justice Brennan joined, concurred that The Fourth Amendment draws no lines between various substantive offenses. The arrests in cases of hot pursuit and

No Way Out essays

No Way Out essays I was 15 years old and completely in love. Jeff was my first real boyfriend. He was everything I wanted: fun, cute and utterly devoted to me-practically from the moment we met. After our first date, he wanted to be with me all the time. We spent every minute together. I didn't have to worry that he was cheating on me, and he never blew me off for his buddies. While my friends always seemed to have trouble getting time with their boyfriends, I knew I could always count on Jeff. It was great to feel as though he couldn't live without me. I made him my life. We'd go to the movies, study at "our table" in the library, take long walks. He made me feel so special. The more time we spent with each other, the more he wanted to be with me. He started asking me not to go out with my friends so much, saying he felt they encouraged me to party and flirt, and the thought of me so much as speaking to other guys drove him nuts. I thought his jealousy meant he was really in love with me, so I stopped hanging out with my friends as much. Only Kim thought it was weird and called me on it. In fact, most of my other friends envied me. They thought it was cool that my boyfriend was so intense. Jeff and I had been a couple just over a month when the weather started getting nice, and his parents expected him to spend the weekends at the family beach house-about an hour away from where we lived. The time apart only increased Jeff's interest in me. He demanded to know what I was doing when I wasn't with him: where I went, who I went with, who else was there, how long I hung out, what time I got home. Since I thought it was because he missed me, I didn't realize he was turning into a control freak. He would tell me to "be good" whenever he called me. What did he mean by that? Pretty much that I should have no social life without him. He expected me to stay at home and wait for him to call. It upset him if I went to a party or hung out with a group of ...

Invariable Adjectives in Spanish

Invariable Adjectives in Spanish It is sometimes said that Spanish adjectives that are nouns, such as naranja and rosa, are invariable, and that you should say, e.g. coches naranja, pantalones rosa, or otherwise coches color naranja, pantalones color rosa, etc. However, some native native speakers find it quite acceptable to use phrases such as coches naranjas. As one correspondent wrote to this site: Are they wrong, or is it a regional thing, or has it now become acceptable? I teach Spanish, I love the Spanish language, and I find grammar fascinating - I want to make sure I am teaching my pupils correct usage. The Basics of Invariable Adjectives The short answer is that there is a variety of ways of saying orange cars, and that both coches naranjas and coches naranja are among them. In traditionally correct usage, naranja or rosa as an adjective of color should remain unchanged, even when modifying a plural noun. However, Spanish (like all living languages) is changing, and in some areas, especially in Latin America, a construction such as los coches rosas would be perfectly acceptable and even preferable. But the rule stated above is correct: Invariable adjectives (usually a noun being used as an adjective) dont change form regardless of whether theyre describing something that is singular or plural. There arent many such adjectives, the most common being macho (male) and hembra (female), so it is possible to talk about, for example, las jirafas macho, the male giraffes, and las jirafas hembra, the female giraffes. Generally, the invariable adjectives are that way because they are thought of as nouns (as are la hembra and el macho), and they include the colors that come from names of things; esmeralda (emerald), mostaza (mustard), naranja (orange), paja (straw), rosa (rose), and turquesa (turquoise) are among them. In fact, as in English, almost anything can become a color if it makes sense to do so. So cafà © (coffee) and chocolate can be colors, as can oro (gold) and cereza (cherry). In some areas, even the expression color de hormiga (ant-colored) can be used as a way to say something is ugly. There is a variety of ways these nouns can be used as colors. Probably the most common, as you said, is along the lines of la bicicleta color cereza for the cherry-colored bicycle. Thats short for la bicicleta de color de cereza. Saying la bicicleta cereza is a way of shortening it even more. So the logic of saying las bicicletas cereza for the cherry-colored bicycles is that were using a shortened form of las bicicletas de color de cereza. Or at least that might be an easier way to think about it than thinking about cereza as an invariable adjective. In other words, los coches naranja would be entirely proper, although some variation of los coches (de) color (de) naranja might be more common in actual usage, again depending on the area. What can happen over time, however, is that a noun used in this way can come to be thought of as an adjective, and once its thought of as an adjective it probably will change form for plurals (and possibly gender). In Latin America, especially, some of these words (particularly naranja, rosa and violeta) are treated as typical adjectives that change in number. So referring to los coches naranjas would also be correct. (It should be noted that in some areas the adjective anaranjado also is frequently used for orange). Proper Names Often Used as Invariable Adjectives As indicated above, macho and hembra are probably the common traditionally invariable adjectives (although you will often hear them made plural, perhaps more often than not). Others of more recent use include monstruo (monster) and modelo (model). Almost all of the other invariable adjectives youll come across are either proper names (such as Wright in los hermanos Wright, the Wright brothers, or Burger King in los restaurantes Burger King) or adjectives borrowed from foreign languages. Examples of the latter include web as in las pginas web for the web pages and sport as in los coches sport for the sports cars. Key Takeaways Invariable adjectives, of which there are few in Spanish, are adjectives that dont change form in feminine and plural forms.Traditionally, the names of many colors are the most common invariable adjectives, although in modern usage they are often treated as regular adjectives.Invariable adjectives added to the language in recent years include brand names and words imported from English.

Ending Hunger in the Elderly Population in America Essay

Ending Hunger in the Elderly Population in America - Essay Example It is surprising to note that this problem is growing on a large scale in the United States of America that believed to be, the most powerful democracy in the world. Economists argue that this condition is specifically created by the inequity in the food distribution system of the country, and food insecurity is increasing at an exceptional rate, especially in the elder population (Nestle & Guttmacher, 1992). According to a survey conducted by Weill, (March 2008), a majority of the elderly population in the United States of America is suffering from malnutrition and food insecurity.He proposed that a solution lies in developing a better food distribution network in the United States of America which should provide food according to the needs of the individual and/or family irrespective of race, religion, or age. This solution is the most logical one based on an observation registered by (Pothukuchi & Kaufman), 1998, that points out a deficency in the food distribution system in the U nited States of America. The growing phenomenon of hunger is also causing the health standards of elders to drop significantly. The underlying fact is that the medications require healthy food intakes to maintain their effectiveness, although, elders are being provided with high quality medicines by federal agencies, but these people need healthy food. During the medical treatment, these medicines make a human body weak, for this reason, the body needs healthy and ample amount of food to survive to fight this weakness caused by medicines. But, at the same time most of the government policies to eliminate hunger are proving to be a mere lip service, many multimillion projects are not implemented to their full potential (Notz, 1971). These failed projects to eliminating hunger in elderly population is causing level of frustration in the general public of US, but the government is also facing a severe deficit in the city of New York alone, therefore, governmental financial resources ar e bearing high pressures regarding fulfilling the needs of public. Inavailability of food for elderly population is forcing them to forego at least one meal each day to fulfil their other necessities such as housing and insurance, this trend is also contributing towards making a bad condition worse in relation to the food supply for elderly population (Gomez & Ranney, 2002). Many researchers are of the view that, elders should be trained in such a way which could help therm in becoming useful members of the society, but this point of view is not a realistic one, because with the increase in age the mobility and strength of an individual is compromised rendering a person unable to work actively. Thus, it is the responsibility of federal government to work for the welfare of these people. On the other hand, international organizations, including UN, are playing a significant role in attempting to eliminate the hunger peoblem; however, their effort is less than effective, because, thes e organizations provide aid to the local government and cannot interfere in the internal affairs of a country. Due to this reason, local government utilizes these fundings in an unjust method, so these international organizations should be empowered to manage and implement these hunger elimination programs by themselves. NGOs of all kind are more than interested in their profitability, therefore human compassion is

Textile Manufacturing Industry in the USA Essay

Textile Manufacturing Industry in the USA - Essay Example The major companies belonging to the textile manufacturing industry operate mills that are used for the production of textiles and various textile products by processing natural and synthetic fibers. The major companies in the global textile industry include Toray Industries in Japan, International Textile Group, WL Gore and Associates, Guilford Mills, Unifi and Mohawk Industries which are based in the United States, Hyosung in South Korea and Weiqiao Textiles which operate in China. Â  The textile manufacturing industry is mainly based on the different fibers into yarn followed by fabric and textiles. The fibers which are converted into fabric and textiles are used for fabrication into clothes and the other different artifacts. Cotton is considered as the major natural fiber that is hugely processed and treated to be used in the textile industry. The processing and treatment of cotton constitute an extensive part of the textile manufacturing industry. The textile manufacturing industry employs a number of processes involved in the fabric forming and spinning phases. The textile manufacturing industry follows complex procedures to process and treat the different natural and synthetic fibers to produce a wide range of textile goods. Different techniques using machine and hand techniques are employed in this industry. Â  The demand in the textile industry is driven by the demand of the consumers as well as the different companies operating in the garments industry. The apparel industry is the major influencer of the demand levels in the textile manufacturing industry. The demand of the consumers for furnishings like curtains and carpets also influence the demand levels in the textile manufacturing industry.

Studying Abroad Essay Example for Free

Studying Abroad Essay Having a strong education is the best way to ensure a good future and fulfillng dreams. Therefore, I feel it is important to pursure my higher studies and have decided to study abroad, in particular. I have applied for this scholarship and chosen my major for the following reasons: to gain education of high quality, to get better employment opportunities, and to learn more about other cultures. The first reason for choosing to study IS is to gain education of high quality. As we all know, Europe is famous for the education that is provided by its strong universities, best professors, successful educational systems and methods. Graduating from prestigious colleges or universities like that is often regarded as an achievement in itself. Furthermore, a degree from a good foreign university always adds up to ones resume. Secondly, due to the lack of specialists in this major in my country, it is considered an advantage for me to have chosen to study IS because it will result in getting better employment opportunities. With the knowledge that I get from studying in such a field and applying ehat I have learned, I will have an added advantage over others. Last but not least, it is an exciting advanture to study out in a completely new enviroment. It will enable me to mature quickly and develop independence. For instance, joining the university will be the first experience to adjust to living away from family and friendes. Though there will be many difficulties like culture or lack of proficiency in laguage, Ill learn how to live on my own and look after myself after overcoming them. In conclusion, my desire to study abroad is based on getting best level education in the world, being offered better job chances, and experiencing new things. However, it does not mean that one can get this knowledge and experience just by going abroad to study. He / She must choose carefully which college to study in, and struggle for what he/she is longing for to improve oneself and ones country.

Racism and the Narrative of the life of Frederick Douglass, an American

Examining Prevalent Attitudes on Racism and the Narrative of the life of Frederick Douglass, an American Slave When we look at the issue of racism from a politically correct, nineties perspective, evidence of the oppression of black people may be obscured by the ways in which our society deals with the inequalities that still exist. There are no apparent laws that prohibit or limit opportunities for blacks in our society today, yet there is a sense that all things are not fair and equal. How can we acknowledge or just simply note how past ideologies are still perpetuated in our society today? We can examine conditions of the present day in consideration of events in the past, and draw correlations between old and modern modes of thinking. Attitudes of racism within the institutions of education, employment and government are less blatant now than in the day of Frederick Douglass, none the less, these attitudes prevail. Once Frederick Douglass had developed a reputation as a brilliant speaker he was urged to write his Narrative by one of his mentors, John A. Collins, in order to "dispel growing public doubts about his experiences as a slave."(Miller 1753) As Douglass recounts his personal circumstance the reader is informed of the main issues surrounding slavery. When we look at attitudes held by political figures around this time we get the impression it was never the ambition of the white man to integrate black slaves into society. As Supreme Court Chief Justice Taney explains in the Dred Scott Case of 1846, "{Africans slaves} were not intended to be included under the word "citizens" in the constitution and can therefore claim none of the rights and privileges which that instrument allows"(Roots of Resistance). In th... ...f inequality prevails in our country to this day. This is not to say that the entire white race carries the same bias of their predecessors. However, it's important to consider the ways in which current popular attitudes carry a vestige of attitudes held in the days of slavery. Works Cited Davis, Kenneth C. Don't know much about history. New York: Crown Publishing Inc. 1990 Douglass, Frederick "Narrative of the life of Frederick Douglass, an American Slave" The Heath Anthology of American Literature. Ed. Paul Lauter. Boston: Houghton Mifflin 1998 Miller, James A. "Frederick Douglass 1818-1895" The Heath Anthology of American Literature. Ed. Paul Lauter. Boston: Houghton Mifflin 1998 Roots of Resistance. The American Experience Series. PBS, 1989 Zinn, Howard. A People's History of the United States. New York:Harper Perennial 1995

Language Loss

As we increasingly realize that our own self-destruction is inevitable in the destruction of the planet, the insular notion of Western modernity as the height of human progress is finally being questioned. However, the resultant paradox is that although we realize the resultant flaws of depending on one form of progress, the only alternatives that we could turn to are dying off of the face of the earth. Thus the global trend of language loss is an issue incredibly worthy of long overdue attention; it may in fact be our last meaningful alternative to rescue the plight of humanity’s survival.As a repository of knowledge, an expression of culture, and a symbolic embodiment of a way of life, the loss of a language speaks for itself. Although some Aboriginal languages are on the brink of extinction in Canada, regrettably, not many people are listening to the last cries of the voices that are quickly vanishing. I will explore the reasons why this is the case. Firstly I will delve i nto the roots of language, as a vehicle by which the essence of each particular culture comes into coherence in the material world and how its culture’s level of conceit that sustains its insularity.The history of Western culture, as a product of European colonialism and industrial capitalism, clearly exemplifies that its essence and more importantly its arrogance, is fundamentally at odds with a harmonious relationship with the natural world, currently leading to its own detriment. With this colonial mentality in mind, a second aspect I will explore is the stark alternative to this one way of thinking that is exemplified the in the culture of the Squamish people of Vancouver.Thus thirdly, the settlement, industrialization, and current urbanization transforming Vancouver, is arguably augmenting the divide between both ways of being, perpetuating the self-destruction of all people who are at the mercy of the dominant culture’s conceit. Thus I will argue that in contrast to Vancouver’s Aboriginal people’s way of life, the current level of arrogance sustaining the dependence on Western modernity will ultimately, inevitably be the demise of humanity. It is undeniable that language, like all things that humanity has created, is ultimately an invention of natural world.As a watershed of imagination, language tries to make sense of the world and may be understood as the symbolization of the human thought in trying to grapple with the nature of existence. Although these symbols were created in order to mediate and make sense of humanity’s place in the universe, since their creation they have transformed and pervaded human cognition to such an extreme extent as to actually replace inexplicable nature of existence with a false sense of ‘rational’ reality. Symbols, now meaning speech, are a cultural phenomenon fundamental to encompassing what define civilization (Zerzan Language: 237).As much as symbols in any culture try t o grapple with their reality in a complex scientific, or rational sense, due to their inherent detachment from the natural world and intrinsic reductionist nature, all attempts to find the answers of the universe, to fit harmoniously with mother earth will ultimately be at odds with what is in fact, incomprehensible. The seemingly rational is ultimately irrational. The layers of complexity now sustaining the process of symbolization account for an ongoing need to label and thus control what ultimately could never be comprehensively defined. SOURCE). An important element in this process of symbolization is the man-made conception of time. Time is one the earliest layers of symbolization’s complexity that enhanced a constructed nature of reality. John Zerzan notes that time’s fruition accounts for the need to define a sense of ‘progress’ that would dominate man’s sense of history, further alienating him away from the natural world. In a cycle of their own creation and perpetuation, the purpose of civilization has therefore, only been to reinforce itself.The perpetual construction of this notion of progress has ultimately led to the self-induced domestication of the mind, enhancing man’s estrangement from the natural (Zerzan Book: 25). Instead of surrendering to man’s harmonious connection to the inexplicable cosmos and thus accepting his own visceral nature, this false notion of progress has been perceived as an inevitable part of human development. Progress is now out of human control and thus alternative ways of existence are seen as backwards and illogical. Future Primitive: PAGE). The zenith of this sense of progress, is encompassed in the current notion of modernity as it is both the height of this civilization and yet the worst reality that the natural world has yet to endure. The sense of progress has always been subjected to the dictatorial role of arrogance and economics, what Williams calls the â€Å"inh erent dominative mode of thinking†(SOURCE). Economics narrates man’s conception of property in an alchemical mix of human labor on the earth’s soil in the pursuit of material wealth.Excessive material wealth superficially bolsters the sense of privildege, evolving to be better understood as their hubris. The Western cultural lineage that has pushed humanity ‘forward’ depends strict on this mentality, and now there exists a common belief that as Westerners works diligently towards the height of modernity, somehow other cultures in the world have become intellectually idle (Davis 2009: 166). Progress is largely perceived as a rushing current of vim and vigor, with an unstoppable momentum carrying all of us in its wake.Upon arrival in North America, with superiority imbued in their mentality, European colonialists brought a sense of progress to the New World. As both a by-product of their amalgamated colonial imagination and their equally delusional sci entific minds, Canada became a laboratory to be poked, measured, defined and prepared for extraction back to continue the fervent industrialization of Europe (Rigney 1999: 109). The colonial mentality is highlighted in their sense of property. Colonialists believed that property had to be enacted; it is as much a physical reality as it is constant aspiration to control.In their minds, property is a verb that must be put to work in order to define it (Blomley: 566). This is in accordance of the influential perspective of John Locke, who helped to ingrain the belief that if the land was not being used, it is being wasted. Thus the divine commons was rendered private property, â€Å"Eden sank to grief† and our natural world was at the mercy of man’s endless attempt to control and accrue all that they could from their surroundings (Blomey: 561). Just as Language is a creation of the natural world, it is the architect of sustaining meaning for a culture.Therefore in its use , language is also a system of power that allows the meanings imparted by cultural hegemony to endure and endure themselves (Focault: 22). Although this cultural lineage now dominates the world’s sense of progress, not all people believe in this once sense of reality. On the margins of modernity, some people’s resilient existence stands as testimony that this one insular mode of thinking is not be the only way of being, nor is it the best way for humanity to survive (Davis: PAGE).Such people do not feel the need to subjugate and try to feebly control the wonders of the natural world, but rather their existence is at the will of what they realize they cannot control. Instead of feebly trying to control the world around them, they would rather be spiritually submerged in nature’s all-encompassing, inexplicable power (Davis: Page). The Coast Salish indigenous people that have historically dwelled in what is now defined as the city-limits of Vancouver are just one e xample of such a people who’s underlying purpose in life is arguably not at odds with the natural order of the universe.Coast Salish is there common name, however within this label are a number of different cultural heritages that are uniquely defined by both their geographic location and correspondingly, their language. In Vancouver’s major reservations today, such identities as the Musqueam, Squamish and the Tsleil-Waututh peoples still dwell in a miniscule enclosure of their ancient homelands. Although their lands are being encroached on from all sides, they try to uphold the ways of their ancestors as a more visceral reality, that was once so harmoniously in balance with British Columbia’s ecosystem (Baloy: 520).Because of their ancient history of being so intimately tied with their surrounding terrain, these peoples distinct cultures, embodied in their in their oral traditions and expressions of art, encapsulate their belief in humanity’s divine conn ection with the land. Living adjacent to the Pacific, what is mentioned in more than one of these peoples’ creation stories is the belief that the land around them sprung from the rich expanse of water on which they heavily rely (Blomey:). In stark contrast to the European’s colonial conception of the property as Terra Nullius, or that it was there for the taking.The resultant boundaries that European’s created in this region are deeply embedded cultural experiences that had specific meanings for colonist. The concept to divide territories on the ground set limits marking distinct social groups and provide a mental template for categories of control (180). In contrast, Coast Salish peoples believe that the land that they gratefully depend upon came into being for a higher purpose. It was not inanimately waiting for humans to define it or bring it to life, but rather its very existence would be what defined them.Following the creation of land from the ‘mud of the ocean,’ the Squamish Coast Salish speak of an extended period of silence that enveloped the earth, in which humans, if they existed at all, only touched lightly on the land (Hill-Tout 1978: 20). The world in their sense was pure and if humans were there, they did not leave any traces of their settlement along the coast nor did they turn on their environment to accrue a sense of history via material wealth. Their ancestors quietly followed the nomadic paths of existence, dictated by the rhythms of life (566). Territorial connections are underwritten by heir relational epistemology- a way of knowing the world through relations. Their knowledge, use, control and even ownership of the land is based on complex relationship with ancestors and spirits which go to the heart of indigenous experiences of dwelling in that place (Thom 2000: 179). Today anthropologist remark on the sophistication of the Coast Salish economy, political structure and way of life. Virgina Crawford att ributed their civil aptitude to the security of their marine substance, as it allowed them to develop a complicated social system based on inherited or acquired clan rank (299).Although Crawford’s perspective gives credit to the Coast Salish people’s intelligence, it is expressed as both a novelty for Indigenous peoples and is tinged with Western lens of progress as if Coast Salish resource extraction was evidence to their efforts to civilize their society. Ultimately this perspective actually reduces the true intelligence of these peoples, which is beyond what Western science can coherently understand. Due to the fact that their existence is imbued with a spiritual understanding of the cosmos, every aspect of their daily lives revolves around ritual (Crawford: 299).Their devout survival is perhaps best captured in their most visible expression of culture, their art. In correlation to the Coast Salish creation story, their rich motifs are an attempt to imbue the awesom e aura of the natural world into an implicit design. †¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦.. The main thrust behind the degradation of human diversity is the crude face of privilege. The sense of superiority that some cultures have over others because they see world through a monochromatic lens, and persist in interpreting what their perception through a single cultural paradigm, their own (WF-Davis: 6).Vancouver’s Indigenous Community: Squamish: History, Creation, Art, Knowledge, Colonial Encounter Colonial Encounter: Mentality, Property, Language, ProgressSignificance of Urban environment Each word of even the most remote language is the a resounding testimony of cultural identity, and serves to act as a link connecting people with their past, their social, emotion and spiritual vitality (Norris: 12). (Norris 1998: 8) means of communication, but a link which connects people with their past and grounds their social, emotional and spiritual vitality. Norris 1998: 8) Although loss of language doesn’t necessarily lead to the death of a culture, it can severely handicap transmission of that culture. Modernization vs. Language vitality Without doubt, the forces of dominant languages and modernization exert a strong influence on any minority language. In the case of Aboriginal languages, historical events such as the prohibition of indigenous language use in residential schools have also contributed to this process. In addition, the fact that most Aboriginal languages were predominantly oral may also have diminished, in an already difficult environment, their chances of survival. Norris 1998: 8) Facts as of 1996- The current 50 languages of Canada’s indigenous peoples belong to 11 major language families- 10 first Nation and Inuktitut. Several major dialects within them. (Norris 1998: 9) Largest Language in Canada is Algonquin- 147,000 people Geography contributes to size, distribution of Aboriginal Languages Research: M. Dale Kinka de 1991 â€Å"The Decline of Native Languages in Canada† Root of Language- Geography of Canada- Plains accommodate a large group of people.Soaring mountains and deep gorges tend to restrict settlement to small pockets of isolated groups in B. C- small languages. Salish, Tsimshian, Wakashan, Haida, Tlingit, Kutenai- could not develop as large a population as dispersed Algonquin. (Norris 1998: 9)- Isolation can also play a part (Indigenous Issue) Mother tongue population: those people who first language learned at home, and still understood is an Aboriginal Language. (Norris 1998: 10) Index of ability (Kn/MT)1: compares the number of people who report being able to speak the language as a mother tongue.If for every 100 people with a specific Aboriginal mother tongue , more than 100 person in the overall population are able to speak that language, some clearly learned it as a second language either in school or later in life. This may indicate language revival. (Norris 1998: 10) (Stat) Because unlike other minority groups, Aboriginals cannot rely on new immigrant to maintain or increase their population of speakers, passing on the language from parent to children is critical for all indigenous languages’ survival (Norris 1998: 11) (Indigenous issue)Canada’s Aboriginal languages are amongst the most endangered in the world- significant numbers of languages have either already disappeared or are close to extinction (Norris 1998: 15). Among the languages spoken today 2 out of 50 are viable with a large population base- Large or small viable languages (Norris 1998: 15) (Stat) Research: How the English Language Became the World’s Language- Robert Crum Globish. Revival- Sacred Ways of Life: Knowledge. Chelsea Crowshoe- crowshoe consulting Inc.Everyone is a community or culture, hold traditional knowledge because it is collective- WHO: defines traditional medicine- the sum total of knowledge, skills and practices based on theories, beliefs, a nd experiences indigenous to different cultures, whether explicable or not, used in the maintenance of health as well as the prevention diagnosis, improvement of treatment of physical and mental illness Traditional knowledge is shared through ways of exchanging cultural and traditional information such as storytelling- (Crowshoe: 2)Language and culture are the foundation of nationhood of First Nation, Inuit, and Metis people. Canada’s cultural wealth is not merely its official bilingualism- or its multicultural tapestry- Aboriginal languages re part of the our mosaic- A number o Aboriginal languages have died (WHICH ONES? ) and more are at risk- 29% of First Nations people can converse in their language- only a few are flourishing: Cree, 85,000 speakers, Ojibway, 30,000 speakers, Anishiimowin 12,5000- Montagais0Naskapi 11,000.Most Inuit can speak one of the dialects of Inuktitut but statistic Canada report a decreasing number using it as the main language at home- Michif- tra ditional language of the Metis These values are associated, amongst other things, with economic reductionism, mechanistic modes of thinking, aggressive individualism and the destruction of community. (Bennett 2010: 9) The residential school system, mobility and more recently, television, internet are responsible for the loss of language. Canada does well on Global Standards- All of Caribbean languages are extinct- half of the indigenous Central and South American languages-Last ten speakers of Nitinat (Ditidaht) or Comox spearks of Vancouver Island 100 Seneca Cayuga or Onodaga speakers of the nearly 4,000 in south Western Ontario Baloy, Natalie J. K. We Can’t Feel our Language: Making Places in the City for Aboriginal Language Revitalization Language Revitalization efforts are overwhelmingly located in rural environment despite the fact that aboriginal people are increasingly choosing to live and rasie their families in urban settings. Youth are anxious to learn language (Bal oy 2011: 515) Emerging language ideologies of urban aboriginal peopleStrong Aboriginal identity and urban lifestyle are mutually exclusive Land, language and identity- how can this be fostered and nutured in urban spaces (Bayol: 516) The sduy of language ideology-has emerged as a mediating link between social structures and forms of talk. Language ideology refers to the social connection people make with the own or other’s languages, dialects of language variations. The fate of many minority language is likely determined to a large extent by ideology (Baloy 2011: 517) Language ideology- rich possibilities for understanding how people think about and value language.Identifying how language ideologies are constructed, maintained and contested can meaningfully inform strategies for language documentation, planning education and revitalization in contexts of language loss. Ideological clarification (Baloy 2011: 517) Contemporary language ideologies evolve out of historical experi ences and are shaped by mainstream attitudes towards language, government policies and demographic changes (Baloy 2011: 517) Government policies perpetuated mainstream ideologies that position English as a powerful international lingua franca and aboriginal languages as outmoded.Aboriginal languages are often unrecognized, unknown, unappreciated by non-aboriginal society. Sensitive to multingualism- most highly educated and politically influential, largely ignorant of the sheer diversity and complexity, the cognitive and cultural richness of the native languages of the First Nations peoples (Baloy 2011: 517) Historical policies and processes have contributed to the devaluation of aboriginal languages in Canada- continue to resonate today.Residential schools, the Sixties Scoop, galvanizce gnificanation of aboriginal- (Baloy 2011: 517) As a result, many aboriginal parents refrained from speaking their heritage languages to their children in efforts to boost their chances for success i n mainstream society- a generation of young Aboriginal children grew up monolingual in English- drop after residential schools. (Baloy 2011: 518) Angered by the loss of language, community leaders seek redress as the loss of language has become a symbol of government oppression and assimilation policies. Baloy 2011: 518) Reclamation of Native identity, pride, decolonization, assertion of sovereignty (Baloy 2011: 518) Henry Davis stated: â€Å"If you talk to anybody on the reserve, the chiefs will stand up and say two things of utmost importance: language and land† Dual significance What bout about Urban Aboriginals? (Baloy 2011: 518) Urban vs. Remote comparison, similarities, contrasts Urban Example: Vancouver Diversity of British Columbia- Western Canada Vancouver is located in the traditional lands of the Musequea, Squamish, Tsleil-Watuth. The Katzie, Kwantlen, Sto:lo, Tswassan- recognized as local First nations.Umbrella Coast Salish- Squaimish and Musqueam have urban reser ves- Musqueam’s language: Henqeminem- no fluent speakers though there are some semifluent speakers- efforts to restore and revitalize language- Squamish: Skwxwu7mesh Snichim- some fluent speakers, working toward language revival (Baloy 2011: 519) From beginning Vancouver’s development aboriginal nonlocal aboriginal people have made the city for temporary or long-term settlement. Great diversity of aboriginal people living on traditional Coast Salish homelands. Vancouver jobs, education and services. Baloy 2011: 520)There are over thirty five First nations groups represented in the city. First Nations groups are represented in the city in additional to Metis and Inuit peoples. There are now over forty thousand people who identify as aboriginal in the Metro Vancouver area. 1/5 of the total aboriginal population in the province. (Baloy 2011: 520) The number of Aboriginal people has risen in Vancouver- 30% since 1996. Aboriginal peoples living in the city continue to grow- (Baloy 2011: 520)In the early 1950’s 7% of aboriginal people in Canada lived in urban settings- Today approximately 54% of aboriginal people now living in cities. 0% in B. C Moving back and forth between city and reserve. Though many identify with a particular Native heritage and homeland, their aboriginal life is situated in city life (Baloy 2011: 520) Despite urbanization- language revitalization work has maintained mostly an on-reserve focus- reflects wider trends in social science research on aboriginal people as well as mainstream understandings of aboriginal identity (520) Cities or places that had the potential for economic development Why the city has been ignored for so long? Rural aboriginal homelands- rural bound up in colonial histories- Themes of genocide, dispossession of land, and aboriginal government relations emphasize these geo-demographic patterns Reserves are native space- Colonial practice placed reserves in their favor. By interrogating these processes scholars can avoid reifying colonial practices that have contributed to trop of rural aboriginal homelands. Peoples from communities across B. C and Canada have ow moved to Vancouver to live dwell on Coast Salish homelands an urban environment (524) negotiating cultural protocol in such diverse context can become somewhat impler when local people are emphaisized. Outsiders still honor the Coast Salish homelands and attempts to rvitalize language. Some people believe that the world would be a better place if we all spoke the same language. If this is true, and the world’s sole language somehow ended up being Arabic for instance, I wonder what life would be like not being able to converse with someone else in my mother tongue.My world would be inevitably enveloped in silence, I would not be able to coherently articulate stories of my heritage nor utter words that could cohesively encompass the full expression of who I am. It is undeniable that this would possibly be one of the loneliest states of existence imaginable. Unfortunately, such an unthinkable condition is in fact a stark reality for some peoples in the world. This phenomenon has mainly tightened its grasp on to weakened Indigenous communities whose dying tongues have been systematically forced to the edge of extinction on a global scale.As languages continue to disappear from the face of humanity’s cultural diversity, the need to address this issue becomes increasingly more pertinent. Unlike learning French or Spanish, within Indigenous communities, learning a language is ultimately a spiritual process. It gives peace, a sense of reality, a sense of peace. In an urban setting, learning an aboriginal language can enrich one’s links with other people from the same nation or strengthen connections to one’s aboriginal heritage on deeper personal level. Meeting these language goals requires approaches different from long-term language learning.The most intensive projects for lan guage workers and learners aim to develop conversational, everyday use of language. (530) New words in the urban setting- like the internet, or the elevator that are not readily at hand for aboriginal peoples. This fast pace, changing the modern world is almost impossible for English to keep up with. (530) Many of their words are obsolete. Conversely, words that aboriginal langues do have in abundance, such as vocabulary related to local food procurement and specfic land features have limited relevance in the urban setting. Language is obsolete in that sense. 530) It’s now up to the community to change language to fit the city-dwellers needs. Thus making IDEOLOGICAL places for language in the city involves identifying how aboriginal languages can fit into urban people’s lives, integrating how aboriginal languages (531) What is offered in the inclusion of Native Languages in the lives of urban aboriginal people. Research participants suggest that urban language learning can have wide-ranging effects: it can strengthen individuals bonds with their own identity and their test to homelands, community building efforts.We can’t feel our mother, we can’t feel our language. Being cut from the land they are literally cut from all meaning language. (537) Musqueam, Squamish and other local nations- resilience, connections between land, language and identity remain strong and resilient. The close connection between language and the land. Have developed by geography. Getting out in the wilderness is where language makes sense- where language is manifested. Noting that sounds emulate the land. The diversity of languages in BC- physical geography of B. C (324)

Apush Midterm Review Essay

A. All classes will have the Causes and Effects of the Mexican War, which has been discussed in class. B. All classes will have 2 choices for their second essay. 1. One possibility for Essay #2 is Causes and Effects of the French and Indian War. This essay should be structured in 4 paragraphs. The first paragraph includes background info leading up to the conflict and your thesis statement. Paragraphs 2 and 3 discuss the causes and effects and paragraph 4 is your conclusion- what happens next (Revolutionary War). It is a good idea to reiterate your thesis statement as well. 2. Another possibility is the Causes and Effects of the Revolutionary War. This essay should be structured in four paragraphs as well. The first paragraph should include background info (such as French and Indian War, end of Salutary Neglect) and your thesis statement. One paragraph should discuss causes and one effects. Your fourth paragraph is your conclusion – what happens next. 3. Another possibility is the Strengths and Weaknesses of the Articles of Confederation. Paragraph one should discuss what happened briefly before the A of C and your thesis statement. Paragraph two, the strengths (3 that we discussed: brought the country together for the first time, negotiated the end of the Revolutionary War, and the Land Ordinances) and Paragraph 3 the weaknesses (among many- the lack of power to tax, only one branch etc.). Paragraph 4, your conclusion and what happens next (Constitutional Convention). 4. Another possibility is Causes and Effects of the War of 1812. First paragraph is background info and thesis statement. Paragraph 2 is the Causes (impressment, arming Native Americans in the Old Northwest etc.) and Paragraph 3, the Effects (huge surge of nationalism, National anthem written etc.). Paragraph 4 is your conclusion and what happens next. 5. Another possibility is to discuss the reforms that came out of the Second Great Awakening. This essay can be 4 or 5 paragraphs depending upon how you discuss the reforms. Your first paragraph will discuss background info and thesis statement. The next 2 or 3 paragraphs should discuss the 5 major reforms: abolition of slavery, educational reforms, mental health reform, temperance, and woman’s rights. These paragraphs should include reforms made and the people involved (for instance- Dorothea Dix with mental health). Also discuss whether the reforms actually were realized or just set up change for the future. Last paragraph should be your conclusion and what happens next. 6. The last possibility is to discuss the Marshall Court and the Taney Court. The first paragraph should have background information; such as John Jay was first Chief Justice, and your thesis statement. Paragraphs 2 and 3 should discuss the Marshall Court and the Taney Court: how they ruled (strong central government for Marshall, state’s rights for Taney etc.), examples of court cases (Marbury v. Madison, Dred Scott decision- give a minimum of 3 cases for Marshall and 2 for Taney). Paragraph 4 should be your conclusion and what happens next. Your essays need to give specific factual information and be well structured to get full credit. Stay on topic- show your knowledge of the time period right before the question at hand and what happens as a result of the events discussed. You will not be penalized for spelling errors since this is an in -class writing, but essays should make sense and flow.

Nature Atmosphere and Better Place Essay

Nature Atmosphere and Better Place Essay Nature: Atmosphere and Better Place Essay Nature Cause and Effect Is the earth being harmed or are we making it a better place? Humans have a great impact on Mother Earth. Everything we do, however small or big one way or another affects the earth either positively or negatively. The readings of John Muir, ‘A Wind Storm in the Forest,’ and Chief Seattle’s ‘Address’ show that there was a spiritual connection to nature whereas Al Gore’s ‘Remarks to Climate Change Conference, April 1994† relates more to the physical aspects of why should we preserve or natural environment. They all used one principle of nature; everything is connected. Nonetheless, while the actions of Mother Nature is embraced on a more spiritual level by John Muir and Chief Seattle I agree that Al Gore’s approach is more effective in showing that we are really the ones causing damage to the earth and it is not just a freak of nature. People are constantly improving their quality of life through increasing knowledge and developing technology. They learn how to turn lush green acres of land in to creative and unique architecture and multi-connecting roads to expand their territories. This is progress to mankind but its regress in the eyes of nature. Many people believe that the earth is a better place due to human activities. That may have some truth in that human has found ways to live a easier life. However, there is the large number of persons that agree that human activities are doing more harm than good to the earth. Three causes of the earth being damaged are global warming, deforestation and pollution. In the New York Times Justin Gillis wrote that scientist at the United Nation Panel Discussion reported that â€Å"Human influence has being detected in warming the atmosphere and the ocean, in changes in some climate extremes,† he went on and reported â€Å"It is extremely likely that human influence has been the dominant cause the observed warming since the mid-20th century.† For instance, using air conditioning, driving, and deforestation for furniture bring about toxic pollution to the air. Driving produces a gas call carbon monoxide that

Business Ethics

Business Ethics Essay I own a local business that provides Internet access to individuals and businesses, my business is one of four businesses in the local market that provide internet access to both individuals and businesses. Each of the four businesses charges the same price of twelve dollars a month for unlimited dial up services. My businesses breakeven price is seven dollars per customer, so no matter what I must charge it least seven dollars per package in order to cover all my costs. Recently my business and the other three businesses have begun to enter into a price war, to ensure that my business isnt destroyed I will have to develop specific pricing strategies based on certain situations brought upon by my competitors. Demand for my businesses service is often fluctuating because of the constant price changing between my competitors and I. Demand for my service is affected by changes in prices because people are drawn more toward the lowest priced Internet service providers The provider that offers the most bonuses and upgrades along with a strategically low priced internet service, will most likely succeed in bringing in the most customers. Dramatic price drops by my competitors would make it hard for my business to stay afloat because my breakeven price is seven dollars per person, so if they drop their prices to seven dollars or less, then my business would probably have to close because of insufficient profits. My business has three competitors selling the same service as I am, and most any of their business decisions can affect my business in either a positive or negative way. If those businesses are able to drop their prices and offer more extras with their Internet service than my business is able to, it could result in a dramatic loss of business for me and a gain of business for my competitors. The opposite could also occur, my competition could start losing profits and have to raise their prices to maintain operations. In this instance some of their customers might switch to my Internet provider so they wouldnt have to pay higher prices. My customers who were previously thinking about switching to one of my competitors will now decide to stay with my business rather than switching to a provider with fluctuating prices. Having too many of the same kinds of businesses (such as an internet service provider) in the same area, results in a loss of business for everyone because now consumers have so many options of which business to choose form. Where as if my business was in an area where it was the only Internet service provider or it had only one business competing for consumers, I would have a much larger amount of customers. Other than price changing, there are many other methods I could use to attract new customers and retain current customers. One method which some of my competition has used to gain new customers is by offering extras with their service. Extras such as, free personal web pages, free e-mail services, and answering machine services so that dial up users wont have to worry about missing important calls. Another way of attracting new customers would be to use different marketing techniques or perfecting the current marketing techniques that my business uses. I could use different kinds of media to attract specific target markets by using market segmentation. I could use Internet media to my advantage by having a sufficient website promoting my business, Internet marketing would be extremely helpful to my business in particular because anybody who goes to my website would be using some form of Internet which would make them a potential customer to my service. Other ways of attracting new customers would be to target certain groups, for instance my business could market in college campuses that for a certain time period all college students can have their first six months of service at seven dollars rather than the original twelve dollars per month. By doing this I open up the door to potential long-term customers because college students are going to need the Internet for the rest for their lives. By targeting them at a young age my business could try and fulfill their current .

Entrepreneurial Marketing Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 2000 words

Entrepreneurial Marketing - Essay Example ?†¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦4d Viral marketing†¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦4e Recommendation and conclusion†¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦5 Bibliography†¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦6 Abstract The paper gives an alternative conceptualization of entrepreneurial marketing. It gives a review on the issue of entrepreneurial marketing as one of the tools which many business ventures have applied today in the production of goods and services hence can strategize the mselves well in the global market. There are so many forms/approaches on entrepreneurial marketing but my interest is on the entrepreneurial approaches to promotion in both advertising as well as selling their products to the customers. This marketing approach has widely been applied by many business ventures both small and large and these businesses have been successful. In my research, have taken a review of the three articles on promotion which include; the guerrilla marketing, buzz marketing and viral marketing as a marketing strategy by entrepreneurs. Introduction According to American Marketing Association (2007, pp 243), entrepreneurial marketing can be defined as business function of marketing its products and services and this is achieved by taking in to account the following aspects: innovativeness, proactiveness, risk taking and the pursuit of opportunities without putting in to consideration the resources currently controlled. Our definition suits both the small and the large scale business ventures who would wish to compete effectively in the large market. Once goods and services have been produced, customers have to be informed about the new product in the market. This is only achieved by coming up with a marketing strategy to put your product in the market. Entrepreneurial marketing describe the marketing activities for both small and large scale business ventures. Given the large share of the economic activities, entrepreneurs have developed a fresh field of research on the marketing strategies which ongoing as well as the new ventures can adopt given the competition in the global market today. EM describes the marketing activities which these firms develop irrespective of their sizes and age (Brotherson 2008 pp142). Our research on entrepreneurial marketing explore that it can be implemented and for any firm to perform well, then it has to put in to consideration the various marketing strategies which differentiate the firm from the others. Ma ny firms today produce similar products and services and the only way entrepreneurs can be able to compete well in the global market is by coming up with marketing strategies and work towards achieving those strategies. Competition in the global market today is stiff hence entrepreneurs need to strategize themselves so that they can compete effectively given the limited resources they have (Chrisnail 2005). According to Aldrich (2007 pp124), it is obvious that most new ventures are not ready to be risk takers, not innovative but more rather imitative. They are not ready to incur any losses but what they do is that, they try to imitate the products ready in the market. A good example to explain this is Sony Company which produces most of the